The pharmacological properties of amphetamine-type stimulants and three categories
classification of amphetamine-type stimulants: amphetamine-type stimulant abuse based on the current situation can be roughly divided into the following three categories:
(1) the traditional type of amphetamine-type stimulants: the main representative of drug for methamphetamine and amphetamine; methamphetamine and amphetamine is mainly synthesized from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, but can also be phenyl acetone (P-2 -P) was synthesized. P-2-P are controlled, often used for drug manufacturing benzaldehyde, phenylacetic acid and other first synthetic P-2-P, and then manufacture of methamphetamine or amphetamine. methamphetamine free base is colorless, transparent, volatile liquid with special ammonia odor, the hydrochloric acid, the formation of hydrochloride is a white transparent irregular crystals, like the appearance of ice, it was known as Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Mingshi professional treatment
methamphetamine into the body, decomposed in the liver metabolism of amphetamine, ephedrine continue after DNA metabolism (Norephedrine), also known as phenylpropanolamine ( PPA), is widely used drugs in the treatment of influenza. because of damaging effects on the human body, the State Drug Administration has recently issued a circular, non-sale of drugs containing PPA. D-type most pharmacological effects of methamphetamine, its next followed by D-amphetamine, L-methamphetamine, L-type of amphetamine. Currently, the methamphetamine seized from the drug market, most of D-methamphetamine hydrochloride (ice). methamphetamine, a long half-life of the greatest features, according to blood pH is about 11-30 hours. This means that a smoking methamphetamine, in vivo pharmacodynamic effect of time of up to 10 hours or more. This is one of the factors methamphetamine epidemic.
(2) weight loss type of amphetamine-type stimulants: the main representative of drugs fenfluramine, phentermine and amphetamine sulfate. They enter the body primarily through the oral. fenfluramine, methamphetamine is the addition of a benzene ring structure and synthesis of fluoride ions. Good oral absorption, after serving 2-4 hours to reach peak plasma to maintain the effect of 6-8 hours, half-life of 11-20 hours. the body metabolism and similar to methamphetamine, 60% of liver metabolism in the body, the active metabolite of norepinephrine fenfluramine. phentermine is the most widely used weight-loss drug. The half-life of 14-19 hours, in the liver metabolism of the biological activity of decomposition of the benzene metabolites phentermine and Dora (Pentorex). Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Malibu Professional treatment
(3) of amphetamine-type stimulants hallucinogens: the main representative of drugs for methamphetamine (MDMA), for the amphetamine (MDA), dimethyl-phenylethylamine (MDEA), these three drugs are manufactured, , MDMA and MDA for the common, etc., but a lot of other doping substances. hallucinogenic amphetamine-type stimulants sex enters the body primarily through the oral, sometimes, a number of intravenous drug users are also ways to use. MDA and MDMA is the use of MDP -2-P (1-3,4 phenylene -2-- acetone) was synthesized. However, as MDA-2-P has been included within the scope of the United Nations Drug Control Ordinance, drug users and non-legal use of safrole, iso safrole pepper aldehyde synthesis. Beijing Malibu drug rehabilitation hospital medicine profession
MDMA in 1-2 hours after taking the role of duration about 5 hours. catabolism in the liver is the main physiological activity with MDA, and then demethylation reaction further, generating a series of polyols and glucuronic acid, sulfuric acid lipid conjugates excreted by the kidneys. MDA 1-2 hours after oral administration to play a role in maintaining the time up to 8 hours. the body metabolism and MDMA are similar.
2, the pharmacological characteristics of amphetamine-type stimulants: amphetamine-type stimulants of the central nervous system mainly by catecholamine transmitter system, 5 - HT neurotransmitter systems to promote the release of excitatory euphoric effect, cause Magic role. ATS drugs because different types have different pharmacological effects. Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Mingshi professional treatment
traditional amphetamine-type stimulants in the central nervous system catecholamine synaptic delivery quality (norepinephrine, dopamine) release a strong role in promoting. noradrenaline release can make very emotional, mental excitement, heart rate, blood pressure, muscle contraction; dopamine release can cause euphoria generated strengthen the appetite regulation and vascular system excitement. In addition, traditional ATS was promoted 5 - HT releasing in .5 - HT release can enhance sexual arousal, and can cause some hallucinations appear. to the efficacy role, the traditional methamphetamine stronger than amphetamine, methamphetamine and efficacy of new stronger after taking methamphetamine, drug addicts full of energy, a high degree of excitement, loss of appetite, tireless, can be dozens of hours of continuous work. Japanese scholars believe that the Japanese tend to use methamphetamine in the euphoria and the major enhancement of sexual desire, the United States as the main pursuit of the illusion of feeling intoxicated.
type of amphetamine-type stimulants to lose weight significantly inhibited the brain stem satiety center neural activity, so loss of appetite, eating less, in order to achieve weight loss purposes, but also the promotion of catecholamine release and delivery to be 5 - and catecholamine neurotransmitters serotonin neurotransmitter release, so that those who took obvious emotional excitement and the psychedelic feeling. and a than methamphetamine, hallucinogenic amphetamine-type stimulant of the weak, while the role of a strong psychedelic feel. In addition, amphetamine-type stimulants and hallucinogenic nature can also have a strong hallucinations, feeling the world's school of peace, friendliness to strangers, decreased vigilance, sexual orientation open to increased promiscuity places prone to group behavior. Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Mingshi professional treatment
taking amphetamine-type stimulants can causes the body to the catecholamine synaptic transmitter and 5 - HT depletion of the neurotransmitter release, inhibition of reuptake of these neurotransmitters, blocking the synthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters in the generation before the object, the body's normal synthesis of neurotransmitters by damage, dependent on the formation of neurotransmitters. because overdose or drug-induced depletion of neurotransmitter release, resulting in postsynaptic membrane receptor excitation threshold increasing, resulting in receptor tolerance, drug addicts increasing the amount required to achieve the abused euphoric and hallucinogenic effects.
3, the characteristics of the abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants: amphetamine and methamphetamine to the traditional tablet or injection, mostly for oral and injectable. emerging ice can be smoked. However, the data indicate that the majority of methamphetamine abusers is still the way of oral or injected. Ecstasy (MDMA, MDA, etc.) mainly through oral abuse. currently taking amphetamine-type stimulants in different ways, will be classified as drug users of amphetamine-type stimulants high-volume and low volume recycling recycling two categories. high volume recycling refers to a continuous injection of a short time a large number of amphetamine-type stimulants, particularly methamphetamine, is characterized by drug abusers. often occurs after injection, fatigue, malaise and lack of energy symptoms. In order to further the pursuit of a new spirit of excitement and euphoria, they had to inject drugs repeatedly. which is characterized by increased use of drugs, earlier onset of symptoms. common in young drug abusers. low amount of recycling is Long-term oral drug users reported amphetamine stimulants. They are often with the mood and the environmental impact of oral amphetamine stimulants. the amount of people but also because of the changing. generally for adults, oral drugs for weight loss more common in young women, oral sex hallucinogenic amphetamine type stimulants to young people aged around 18-20 more common. which is characterized by a more moderate increase in drug dosage, drug poisoning symptoms appeared later. Beijing Malibu drug rehabilitation hospital medicine profession
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pharmacological properties of amphetamine-type stimulants and Three Categories
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